My first day of College Essay Example for Free

My first day of College Essay a) This course is an investigation of basic variable based math, which will incorporate the arrangement of genuine numbers, straight sentences, direct capacities and their charts, and tasks and considering with polynomials. b) MATH 0989 is a first semester formative course which will set up the understudy for MATH 1111 and its co-imperative course MATH 0999. c) To do well in the course, one must practice numerous issues outside of class, pose inquiries in class until there is a finished comprehension of every idea, and plan for tests by evaluating issues worked in class. d) A scratch pad needs to kept up and brought to class every day. The entirety of the MyMathLab assignments need to named with the segment and work put in your scratch pad. 2. COURSE OBJECTIVES a) General instruction objective: Students will show an essential information on the basics of school level arithmetic. b) Learning Support Math Program Goal: Mathematics understudies will be given the information and abilities required for fruitful school level work. c) Outcomes: Successful MATH0 099 understudies will exhibit a comprehension of illuminating straight conditions and disparities, working and calculating with polynomials, and diagramming direct conditions. 3. Extra RESOURCES a) Free mentoring accessible in the Student Success Center b) Study bunches with individual colleagues c) Individual assistance during instructor’s available time 4. OFFICE PROCEDURES FOR EXTRA HELP a) Bring exercise notes. b) Make sure the exercise has been perused and the models contemplated. c) Be set up to appear in any event two issues that have been endeavored. d) Bring deficient or erroneous work for every issue. e) Ask for help as ahead of schedule as could reasonably be expected. Try not to hold up until the day of the test. 5. Participation an) Attendance is significant. All understudies are required and encouraged to go to all classes. Every nonattendance makes it increasingly hard to obtain information and increment learning. You will be reached, if absence of participation is turning into an issue. b) Students are liable for each task and all material shrouded in class, regardless of whether present or missing. c) Obtain the name and telephone number of a dependable colleague to contact, if there is an unavoidable nonappearance. d) Tardiness to class isn't permitted after the main seven day stretch of classes. At the point when the entryway is shut, nobody is to enter. On the off chance that you realize you will be late because of a doctor’s arrangement or such, if it's not too much trouble email me early. 6. Study hall ETIQUETTE a) Treat the educator and different understudies with deference. b) Talk to different understudies just during bunch exercises. c) Leave the study hall during class time simply in the wake of having addressed the educator. d) Cell telephones must be quieted and far out during class time. 7. Number cruncher an) Only logical adding machines might be utilized. b) Scientific adding machines which will permit disentanglement of radical articulations may not be utilized. c) Phone mini-computers may not be utilized. d) Texas Instruments â€Å"TI-30XIIS† is suggested. 8. Strategy For EVALUATION a) Unit Tests and Quizzes †70%. There will be four unit tests. b) MyMathLab †15%. c) Final Exam (Comprehensive) †15%. 9. Evaluations Normal underneath 70, great participation, exertion, and some advancement, and first semester in Learning Support Math F% Normal underneath 70, poor participation, absence of exertion, or no advancement WF% Pulled back after midterm or quit going to after midterm without formally pulling back from the class W% Pulled back before midterm 10. Learning Support Standards of Progress Notwithstanding the Academic Standards of Progress (See the on-line Gordon State College Academic Catalog.) and as per approaches of the University System of Georgia, understudies tried out at least one Learning Support courses (See Learning Support Program in the on-line inventory for more data.) must consent to movement necessities of the Learning Support program.Learning Support understudies who need concentrated remediation will start with one of the 3-credit Foundations Learning Support courses (ENGL 0099, MATH 0097, or MATH 0099). Endless supply of Foundations courses(s) understudies will be required to enroll for the co-essential scholarly help lab and passage course to finish Learning Support prerequisites. A limit of three endeavors is permitted to finish both the Foundations course and the co-essential pair. Understudies who bomb two endeavors at any of the 3-credit Foundations Learning Support courses will be set on Learning Support Suspension. Understudies who just requir e support in their degree-credit passage course will start in one of the co-essential sets (ENGL 0098/ENGL 1101, MATH 0097/MATH 1001, or MATH 0099/MATH 1111). Understudies who start in a co-imperative pair are permitted a limit of two endeavors to finish the Learning Support Requirement. Neglecting to exit from Learning Support following a subsequent endeavor will bring about Learning Support Suspension. The understudy might be considered for readmission before the finish of one year of the suspension, if the understudy can give proof that he/she has taken measures to improve their aptitudes. Time spent in Learning Support Course work in a disciplinary zone will be aggregate inside the University System of Georgia. An exchange Learning Support understudy might be conceded an extra semester if that understudy was gaining proper ground at the sending establishment and is prepared for the leave level course at the getting organization and has not surpassed the permitted number of endeavors. Understudies who have gathered 30 semester hours or a greater amount of school level credit will be permitted to take just the necessary Learning Support classes. No different classes might be taken. 11. Extra INFORMATION a) Should understudies think that its essential whenever to see their teacher or the Coordinator of the Learning Support Program for explanation of any course related or departmental approach, to examine their advancement, or to demand extra assistance, they should don't hesitate to request an arrangement. b) Any understudy who is guaranteed as impaired or who fits the bill for unique housing must give proper proof of such confirmation right away. Any understudy who expects to demand unique lodging for this course in view of a learning incapacity of any sort should quickly announce their goal to the school ADA official Student Center Room 212 678-359-5585. Establishments for College Algebra †MATH 0989

Scaffold vs. Foliage essays

Platform versus Foliage papers Nathaniel Hawthorne, a writer who is known for his longwinded books, for example, The Scarlet Letter, decides to incorporate imagery as an incredible part of his composition. In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne utilizes the images of the framework and the woods to portray the fights, which have tested huge numbers of the characters inside. The platform in the focal point of the commercial center speaks to the cruel truth of the Puritan culture. The timberland, which is dull and bleak, represents the states of mind of certain characters, just as, a getaway from the unforgiving judgment of development. Arthur Dimmesdale, an upset individual, is disturbed by the blame that consumes his psychological and physical wellbeing. His problem and his battles against his wrongdoing become clear in three platform scenes. In every one of postulations scenes, a movement is framed in which Dimmesdale first denies then acknowledges lastly overcomes his wrongdoing. To Hester Prynne, the platform speaks to disgrace and discipline of her off-base doings. With the enduring of Hester, blame and lament defeat Dimmesdale. The Scaffold is the image of recovery and judgment. In Chapter 3, Hester is condemned to remain on the platform before God and her companions to get judgment. In the book, Dimmesdale can stand up on the platform in the dead of night just to impart his blame to the resting town. Toward the end, Dimmesdale can pick up the solidarity to admit his transgression to town during day with the goal that he might be saved of the blame that consumed his all of life in him. Without a getaway, Hawthornes characters would have never sprung up totally. This is the significance a thought, for example, the woods. In the woods, truth is grasped as opposed to taboo. The information that Hester has of the fact of the matter is a fairly a danger to the townspeople. That is the reason Hester and her little girl, Pearl, decided to live outside of town and outside of the backwoods with the goal that they can ... <!

Guide for How To Ask a Teacher for a Last Minute Recommendation TKG

Guide for How To Ask a Teacher for a Last Minute Recommendation It’s like having that nightmare: Your college applications are due today and you haven’t completed any of them. Except, it’s not a nightmare. It’s real life, it’s almost the deadline, and you don’t have a teacher recommendation yet. Here is a quick and easy guide to locking that recommendation:Step 1: BreatheYou’re ok. Everything is going to be fine, especially if you go to a very large public school. It’s not great that this happened, but at large schools in particular, things do get lost. Colleges understand that, so you have a bit of leeway.Step 2: Be Humble You are about to ask a teacher for a very big favor. Keep that in mind. In a perfect world, you would scrutinize over years of teacher evaluations to zero in on the perfect recommender who will eloquently speak about why you are the greatest student to ever roam the hallways. This is not a perfect world. It is the 11th hour and your job is to get the “two teacher recommendations” box checked. If a teacher w ho is not your favorite teacher is willing to help you check that box, be humble and accept their offer graciously.Step 3: Cast a Wide Net Ask everyone and anyone who might bite and don’t wait to hear back before asking some more.  If, at the end of the day, you end up with four teacher recommendations instead of two, you can choose between them.Step 4: Thank YousOnce a teacher (or four) completes your recommendations, write them a very nice thank you note and buy them a little gift, because, on top of all that they do normally, they just took extra time out of their already busy lives to save your skin.  Step 5:  If No One Says ‘Yes’If, on the off-chance, no one agrees to write your recommendation, you should go to an outside recommender. Perhaps this is a sports coach, a girl scout troop leader, or someone else who knows your capabilities. Get them to overcompensate. At this point, you are doing something different than what was asked for, so it will need to have fireworks . You will also need to include information on why you chose an outside recommender over a teacher in the additional information section of the Common App and discuss why this speaks to who you are in a better way than a teacher recommendation could.Need more advice on how to find or approach the best possible recommender? We have some ideas. Contact us here.

Preparation of P-Nitro Acetanilide - 1351 Words

A Beautiful Mind with an Ugly Mental Disorder Submitted by: Nazila R. Salamkhail V-00410030 Psychology101-901 Instructor: Tim Donahue Virginia Commonwealth University 04/27/2011 The movie â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† is a fascinating movie. Although, I am not a movie watcher, it drew my full attention as soon as I started playing it. It displays the character of a great mathematician John Nash who is struggling with schizophrenia during his college period, and it continues until later in his life. It shows how this disease affects a person’s social and academic life. It is a kind of old movie, showing life of a Princeton University student in late 1940s and 1950s. It traces the main†¦show more content†¦He kept seeing his imaginary friends. But, he deliberately ignored them, although, it was not easy for him. The minimum duration of these symptoms is mentioned as six months in DSM-4. John experienced it for decades. Cause of the behavior is most likely genetic. Some environmental factors like stress can make it worse. In the movie it was not obviously displayed what the main trigger of his disorder was. John’s genetic factors and fam ily history is not quite reflected in the movie. My best guess would be stress could be one big factor contributing to his disorder. Schizophrenia does not come alone. It can come with other problems as severe depression anxiety disorder, all of which together can sometimes end up committing suicide or killing somebody else by the patient. In the movie John cuts his veins once, and he is told by the imaginary police officer to kill his wife once. Also, assuming that his imaginary friend would watch his baby, he almost let his baby sink in their bath tab. Treatment is available for patients with schizophrenia. Plenty of antipsychotic medications have been discovered for this mental disorder. The mechanism of how the medication works is that the psychotic medications suppress the neurotransmitters’ like dopamine’s and serotonin’s activities. Examples of medications are: Molidone which blocks the effects of dopamine in the brain, leading to diminish psychoses. This medication shows quickShow MoreRelatedPreparation of Acetanilide1398 Words   |  6 PagesLearning Activity 1 Preparation of Acetanilide Abstract Recrystallization is a common method of purifying organic substances through the difference in solubility at different temperature. In this experiment, acetanilide was produced by acetylation of aniline with acetic anhydride. The crude acetanilide was dissolved in a solvent in a heating water bath. The solution was cooled slowly in an ice bath as crystals form out. As the compound crystallizes from the solution, molecules of other compoundsRead MorePreparation of P-Nitroaniline1671 Words   |  7 Pageshydrogen substitution. However, this is not thermodynamically favoured because a sp3 hybridized carbon is generated, which disrupts the cyclic conjugation. In order to regenerate the aromatic ring, a proton is lost at the sp3 hybridized carbon. Thus, p-Nitroaniline can be prepared by means of electrophilic aromatic substitution. To begin, nitric acid needs to be activated as it has little electrophilic power. Thus, concentrated sulfuric acid is added to protonate the nitric acid. Dehydration produces

Jetblue Airways Starting from Scratch - Case Analysis Essay

Executive Summary JetBlue Airways, the latest entrant in the airlines industry has gone through the initial stages (entrepreneurial and collectivity) of the organizational life cycle rapidly under the successful leadership of David Neelman. JetBlue Airways is currently in the formalization stage of the life cycle where in it needs to create procedures and control systems to effectively manage its growth. Also as it proceeds to grow further to reach the elaboration stage, JetBlue needs to continue to align itself with the environment in order to maintain its sustained growth. JetBlue: Entrepreneurial Stage David Neelman realized his vision of creating an airlines company that is focused on customer service by starting JetBlue. During†¦show more content†¦Neelman providing the necessary strong leadership, along with the talented management team formulated clear operative goals and directions based on his vision. Decisions that were made emphasized the need to provide a better passenger experience such as choosing New York JFK as the home base of the airlines. Customer interaction (external environment) and employee satisfaction (internal) were the important factors in formulating the mission. The Mission statement included Safety, Caring and Integrity that can be attributed to the customers and the mission statement also included fun and passion that can be attributed to the employee satisfaction. The skill emphasis needed in a service industry such as airlines is mostly interpersonal. Recognizing the need for interpersonal skills, JetBlue designed the employee selection process to make sure the hired crew members fit into the culture and understood the values and mission. Decision making is another important characteristic of the service industry and the crew members were also identified and selected on their decision making capabilities as the customer related decisions are made at the lowest level of the organization. JetBlue designed the orientation process to highlight the different core values to the employees and made them identify with the mission. Expected behavior of the employees and their contribution to the success of theShow MoreRelatedJetblue Airways: Starting From Scratch - Case Analysis Essay1121 Words   |  5 PagesExecutive Summary JetBlue Airways, the latest entrant in the airlines industry has gone through the initial stages (entrepreneurial and collectivity) of the organizational life cycle rapidly under the successful leadership of David Neelman. JetBlue Airways is currently in the formalization stage of the life cycle where in it needs to create procedures and control systems to effectively manage its growth. Also as it proceeds to grow further to reach the elaboration stage, JetBlue needs to continueRead MoreJetblue Case Study3055 Words   |  13 Pages  MANAGEMENT   AT   JETBLUE          1       Human Resources Management Analysis JetBlue Airways Case Study: JetBlue Airways: Starting from Scratch (Gittell O’Reilly, 2001) Running   Head:   HUMAN   RESOURCES   MANAGEMENT   AT   JETBLUE 2                Abstract       This   paper   identifies   the   various   impacts   of   Equal   Employment   Opportunity    (EEO)   laws   on   JetBlue   Airways   and   the Read MoreJet Blue Term Paper1804 Words   |  8 PagesJetBlue Airways Corporation has been a rapidly growing discount airline and biggest success story in the industry by using its strong customer service considerations and low fares to build a solid, growing customer base. David Neeleman, CEO and director began JetBlue in 1999 and flying since 2000 after his previous airline company-Morris Air was brought by Herb Kelleher, the Southwest Airline founder. He signed a 5-year non-compete agreement not to launch another airline. Kelleher hiredRead MoreStrategic Analysis of Jet Blue Airlines: Executive Summary, Financial, Internal and External Industries, Competitors, Substitutes, and Stategies.7798 Words   |  32 PagesStrategic Analysis of Jet Blue Airlines Executive Summary JetBlue is a company built on a focus strategy of low-priced, no-hassle ticketing and refreshingly efficient customer service. The company began with the goal to eliminate many of the complexities and asininities of commercial air travel and set a new standard for customer service. Thus far the company has flown beyond these goals and everyones expectations while returning a handsome profit to whomever chooses to invest in this airlineRead MoreJetBlue Airways Case Study1730 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿JetBlue Airways: Starting from Scratch Case Study Analysis This case illustrates how an entrepreneurial venture can use human resource management – and specifically a values-centered approach to management – as a source of competitive advantage. The major challenge faced by Ann Roades is to grow this people-intensive organization at a rapid rate, while retaining high standards for employee selection, and while building a strong organizational culture. Strengths Weaknesses Clear niche JFKRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pages1-800-CALL WILEY (225-5945). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hartley, Robert F., 1927Marketing mistakes and successes/Robert F. Hartley. —11th ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-470-16981-0 (pbk.) 1. Marketing—United States—Case studies. I. Title. HF5415.1.H37 2009 658.800973—dc22 2008040282 ISBN-13 978-0-470-16981-0 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PREFACE Welcome to the 30th anniversary of Marketing MistakesRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesqxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 597 CASE STUDIES ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 598 ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the reader to Jetblue Airways Starting From Scratch - Case Analysis Essay Executive Summary JetBlue Airways, the latest entrant in the airlines industry has gone through the initial stages (entrepreneurial and collectivity) of the organizational life cycle rapidly under the successful leadership of David Neelman. JetBlue Airways is currently in the formalization stage of the life cycle where in it needs to create procedures and control systems to effectively manage its growth. Also as it proceeds to grow further to reach the elaboration stage, JetBlue needs to continue to align itself with the environment in order to maintain its sustained growth. JetBlue: Entrepreneurial Stage David Neelman realized his vision of creating an airlines company that is focused on customer service by starting JetBlue. During†¦show more content†¦JetBlue: Collectivity Stage Neelman, understanding the next steps in growing the organization, brought together a highly skilled management team to run the company. Neelman providing the necessary strong leadership, along with the talented management team formulated clear operative goals and directions based on his vision. Decisions that were made emphasized the need to provide a better passenger experience such as choosing New York JFK as the home base of the airlines. Customer interaction (external environment) and employee satisfaction (internal) were the important factors in formulating the mission. The Mission statement included Safety, Caring and Integrity that can be attributed to the customers and the mission statement also included fun and passion that can be attributed to the employee satisfaction. The skill emphasis needed in a service industry such as airlines is mostly interpersonal. Recognizing the need for interpersonal skills, JetBlue designed the employee selection process to make sure the hired crew members fit into the culture and understood the values and mission. Decision making is another important characteristic of the service industry and the crew members were also identified and selected on their decision making capabilities as the customer related decisions are made at the lowestShow MoreRelatedJetblue Airways: Starting from Scratch - Case Analysis Essay1125 Words   |  5 PagesExecutive Summary JetBlue Airways, the latest entrant in the airlines industry has gone through the initial stages (entrepreneurial and collectivity) of the organizational life cycle rapidly under the successful leadership of David Neelman. JetBlue Airways is currently in the formalization stage of the life cycle where in it needs to create procedures and control systems to effectively manage its growth. Also as it proceeds to grow further to reach the elaboration stage, JetBlue needs to continueRead MoreJetblue Case Study3055 Words   |  13 Pages  MANAGEMENT   AT   JETBLUE          1       Human Resources Management Analysis JetBlue Airways Case Study: JetBlue Airways: Starting from Scratch (Gittell O’Reilly, 2001) Running   Head:   HUMAN   RESOURCES   MANAGEMENT   AT   JETBLUE 2                Abstract       This   paper   identifies   the   various   impacts   of   Equal   Employment   Opportunity    (EEO)   laws   on   JetBlue   Airways   and   the Read MoreJet Blue Term Paper1804 Words   |  8 PagesJetBlue Airways Corporation has been a rapidly growing discount airline and biggest success story in the industry by using its strong customer service considerations and low fares to build a solid, growing customer base. David Neeleman, CEO and director began JetBlue in 1999 and flying since 2000 after his previous airline company-Morris Air was brought by Herb Kelleher, the Southwest Airline founder. He signed a 5-year non-compete agreement not to launch another airline. Kelleher hiredRead MoreStrategic Analysis of Jet Blue Airlines: Executive Summary, Financial, Internal and External Industries, Competitors, Substitutes, and Stategies.7798 Words   |  32 PagesStrategic Analysis of Jet Blue Airlines Executive Summary JetBlue is a company built on a focus strategy of low-priced, no-hassle ticketing and refreshingly efficient customer service. The company began with the goal to eliminate many of the complexities and asininities of commercial air travel and set a new standard for customer service. Thus far the company has flown beyond these goals and everyones expectations while returning a handsome profit to whomever chooses to invest in this airlineRead MoreJetBlue Airways Case Study1730 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿JetBlue Airways: Starting from Scratch Case Study Analysis This case illustrates how an entrepreneurial venture can use human resource management – and specifically a values-centered approach to management – as a source of competitive advantage. The major challenge faced by Ann Roades is to grow this people-intensive organization at a rapid rate, while retaining high standards for employee selection, and while building a strong organizational culture. Strengths Weaknesses Clear niche JFKRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pages1-800-CALL WILEY (225-5945). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hartley, Robert F., 1927Marketing mistakes and successes/Robert F. Hartley. —11th ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-470-16981-0 (pbk.) 1. Marketing—United States—Case studies. I. Title. HF5415.1.H37 2009 658.800973—dc22 2008040282 ISBN-13 978-0-470-16981-0 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PREFACE Welcome to the 30th anniversary of Marketing MistakesRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesqxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 597 CASE STUDIES ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 598 ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the reader to

Essay about Cronon Review - 1262 Words

Since its publication in 1983, William Cronon’s Changes in the Land has been lauded by historians. The book, Cronon’s first, received the Francis Parkman Prize for the best new book in American history in 1984. Cronon’s objective in the book is to assess the changes in New England’s ecosystems and the degree to which these changes result from the relationship between Indians and colonists and changes in the dominant modes of production. He argues that the transition to European agriculture, and the unsustainable extraction and commodification that accompanied capitalism led to changes in the reciprocal relationships between humans and the environment. Cronon begins by explaining two important concepts that lay the groundwork for his†¦show more content†¦New England’s Indians moved to places where food was abundant, and agriculture supplemented their hunting and gathering activities. Indians cleared fields by burning and then used the s ame field for eight to ten years until the soil lost its fertility (48). Indian agriculture did exhaust the land, but the rotating nature of this agriculture and low population densities minimized the damage. Indian use of other resources also rotated on a seasonal basis so that no resource was overexploited. The Indians did not use the environment in the European way, and, from the colonists’ perspective, the Indians’ shifting land use did not entitle them to ownership of the land (56). The Indians’ concept of ownership revolved around use of the land and the things on it, rather than long-term possession of a particular plot (65). Property rights shifted with the current ecological use (63). The English conceived of the land as a â€Å"private commodity rather than public commons,† (74) and believed that ownership gave them the sole right to exploit it for personal gain. The commodification of land and other resources by the English challenged the resiliency of the local ecosystems. The Indians also contributed to this process as they became integrated into the colonial economy. The importation of European diseases decimated IndianShow MoreRelatedNature s Metropolis, Chicago And The Great West1095 Words   |  5 PagesNick Melvin Book Review 3 3/29/2017 Nature’s Metropolis, Chicago and The Great West Cronon, William. Nature s Metropolis, Chicago and the Great West. New York, NY: WW Norton Company, 1991. William Cronon is an acclaimed author, historian, and professor of history, environmental studies, and geography at the University of Wisconsin. Cronon’s book, Nature’s Metropolis, Chicago and the Great West, was written for an academic audience. Cronon analyzes the settlement of the west concentrating onRead MoreCall of the wild2057 Words   |  9 Pagessavages were united with a wild nature and knew no so-called moral. The adepts of primitivism movement shared a belief â€Å"that the best antidote to the ills of an overly refined and civilized modern world was a return to simpler, more primitive living† (Cronon 76). Let us refer to another poem by Snyder, There Are Those Who Love To Get Dirty, which contains a controversial claim: â€Å"There are those who love to get dirty and fix things. They drink coffee at dawn, beer after work. And those who stay clean.Read MoreThe Early Phases and Globalization of Coffee Essay1224 Words   |  5 Pages Works Cited Cronon, William. Chapter 3 Pricing the Future: Grain. Natures Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: W.W. Norton, 1991. N. pag. Print. Daviron, Benoà ®t, and Stefano Ponte. The Coffee Paradox: Global Markets, Commodity Trade, and the Elusive Promise of Development. London: Zed in Association with the CTA, 2005. Print. The Struggle for Control of a Commodity Chain: Instant Coffee from Latin America John M. Talbot Latin American Research Review , Vol. 32, No. 2Read More The Hudson RIver School Of Artist Essay1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe mass production of prints and as illustrations in American novels such as the Leather stocking Tales of James Fennimore Cooper, which concerned themselves, at least in part with the place of nature in the American experience. In 1841, writing a review of James Fenimore Coopers Leatherstocking Tales, Honore de Balzac wrote quot;The magical prose of Cooper not only embodies the spirit of the river, its shores, the forests and its trees; but it exhibits the minutes details, combined with the grandestRead MoreGraduate Writing Center: Writing Thesis and Dissertation Proposals7304 Words   |  30 Pages Proposal-Specific Advice: ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § Understand that the proposal will be a negotiated document, so be prepared to draft, redraft, and resubmit it. Think of the proposal as an introduction to your thesis—not a chapter, not an extensive literature review, not an opportunity to rehearse the major conflicts in your field. You are â€Å"bridging the gap† between existing work and your work. Remember that the proposal is not a contract that determines what your thesis will demonstrate. You will likely modifyRead MoreAre Cities Dying? Essay10831 Words   |  44 PagesCosts of Moving Goods Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper in Virginia in 1831, but he moved to Chicago to set up his factory in 1847, to save ti-ansport costs by lessening the distance between his production facility and his customers (Cronon, 1989). The great merchants of the Midwest (Potter Palmer, Marshall Field, Montgomery Ward) followed McCormick because Chicago offered access to eastern goods and western consumers through its network of waterways and rails and because ChicagoRead MoreImmoduletext4305 Words   |  18 Pagesnew challenges to the ways they operate, deliver services and compete with each other in the financial sector. Driven by these challenges, banks and financial institutions have implemented delivering their services using this channel (ChanLu, 2004; Cronon, 1997). Internet banking refers to the use of the Internet as a delivery channel for banking services, which include all traditional services such as balance enquiry, printing statement, fund transfer to other accounts, bill payment, and so on, andRead MoreBibliographic Essay on African American History6221 Words   |  25 Pagessome were prosperous indeed. How they acquired, maintained, or disbursed their wealth in real and personal property--human beings--is of interest. Both Adrienne D. Davis, â€Å"The Private Law of Race and Sex: An Antebellum Perspective,† Stanford Law Review 51 (January 1999); and, Gary B. Mills, Coincoin: An Eighteenth- Century Liberated Woman, Journal of Southern History 42 (May 1976): 203-22, are useful in this regard. Other studies of propertied free blacks, such as Michael P. Johnson and

The Downfall of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. free essay sample

Mozart is still recognized as one of the greatest musicians of all times, but his lack of discipline as a child led to his downfall. The pinnacle of Mozart success ended at an early age, but even earlier, he was thought to be a melodious mastermind. For such a gifted man with such a caring father, he made many terrible decisions throughout his life. Mozart unpopularity was caused by his musical genius. Though greatly appreciated today, in his time, the pieces he performed were very divisive.Touring Europe as a child, the young and talented Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was observed to be a musical mastermind because of his gifts as a Plano player and as a composer. He traveled around Europe with his father, Leopold Mozart, and his sister, Marl Anna, who was also a child prodigy. Wolfgang began writing his own music at a very young age: at the age of four, Mozart wrote his first concerto, age seven, his first symphony, and at age 12, his first opera, which Is said to be Apollo et Hyacinths. We will write a custom essay sample on The Downfall of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After performing an opera, La Anta someplace (The Simple Pretenses at the palace of the Archbishop of Salisbury, he was appointed concertmaster. Moreover, Mozart never made copies of his work. He would simply hear music in his head, and write it down, making no corrections. This ingenious gift, made him a bit to cocky for his own Though he was given opportunities many would dream for, he was a very careless and somewhat a smug chap. Much of his pride led him to his money problems. He believed he should be given jobs without questioning. He was unwilling to apply for a position; he thought he was the best man for the Job.Also, Mozart was to some extent a womanlier. This made him unpopular with some of the female society. In particular, he had a serious drug and alcohol problem. He always seemed to be out drinking and partying. Many of his problems led to his early death at age thirty-five. A person should be grateful for the gifts they have. It is a common courtesy, but Mozart left a bad impression upon many people in his day because of his cockiness. Today, Mozart works are greatly appreciated, but during his time they were considered to be very controversial, which drove the public away. One of the operas he composed, The Marriage of Figaro, was banned in the country he wanted to impose in, but this did not stop him from performing it anyway. This angered many of the people. That opera, Don Giovanni, was said to have been written by Mozart, partly to portray the death of his father. The opera was very long, and bored many people. In the end, it was performed only five times. Mozart became so unpopular lath the aristocratic class; he was reduced to performing In theaters for the common people. He went from a high roller, too low class composer In a matter of months. No matter what he was told, he refused to listen, even as an adult, Mozart still acted Like child when he refused to listen to peoples helpful advice. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born a child prodigy, and died a penny-less pauper. From the time of his childhood. He was so lucky to have what he had, but he struggled throughout his life due to his carelessness. Mozart music is loved by many today, but since his mind was set ahead of his times when he was alive, his Norms grew most unpopular with the well paying class. Great people come and go, but it is ashamed he his unsuccessfully was due to his lack of discipline when he Nas a child.

A Yellow Raft in Blue Water free essay sample

Freche Mr. Ontiveros World Literature – 2nd period December 5, 2010 Friends Forever! â€Å"Trust is like a vase†¦ once it’s broken, though you can fix the vase, it’ll never be the same again† – Author unknown. Almost every person has had at least one person who he or she can confide their secrets. Over time one can learn whether or not he or she can trust or believe another will hold that confidence. If that certitude is shattered, it takes time again to reconcile and to earn it back. In Michael Dorris’s novel, A Yellow Raft in Blue Water, Ida is a girl who entrusts in her young Aunt Clara with secrets from school to boys. When Clara reveals Ida’s hope about Willard Pretty Dog, the trust is broken; despite this, Ida still helps Clara and also creates herself a new certitude through Clara’s daughter, Christine. Clara comes to live with Ida and her family to take care of Mama and instantly Ida becomes infatuated with her. We will write a custom essay sample on A Yellow Raft in Blue Water or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Clara is the opposite of Ida: pretty, little, and neat. Ida acts very friendly and giving towards Clara. After a while she admits that she â€Å"confided my secrets and sought her advice† (Dorris, 303). Ida even felt â€Å"encouraged by her sureness† (304) with what she has told her; especially when Ida tells Clara about her crush and hope of Willard Pretty Dog. Clara makes Ida feel good about herself with the advice she gives her. Ida feels as if she has a friend that she can trust and a person who can be a role model. Ida has created her certitude through Clara. Clara has brought shame to the family and is pregnant with Ida’s father’s child. In order to hide this shame Clara came up with the idea of Ida pretending to be with child. Clara mentioning this hurts Ida but what hurts Ida even more is the reason behind the story that makes it more plausible to Mama and Papa. Clara tells them that â€Å"No one would be surprised. Everyone’s aware she’s after Willard Pretty Dog† (309). Ida is shocked at Clara’s betrayal of revealing her hopes. Clara’s remark does not only break Ida’s certitude in her, but also shows the low inclination Clara has on Ida.

Our Town Essays - English-language Films, Our Town, Thornton Wilder

Our Town Essays - English-language Films, Our Town, Thornton Wilder Our Town The book Our Town is a play written by Thorton Wilder in 1938. The play uses very little props and makes the audience use their imagination. People all are very different but they all experience the same things. The daily life is mostly the same for all people across the world. In the play Ms. Gibbs wakes up the kids. She makes them breakfast and packs their lunch. The Greeks did the same for their kids. Also in the play, the letter that Jane Crowfort got was addressed to the world, the universe, and everything in gods mind. That proves that Wilder is trying to state that everyone goes through waking their kids up and fixing them breakfast. Another thing that most people go through or experience is love and marriage. In this part of the play Wilder uses flashbacks to show how this happened. George is scared of growing up and getting married to Emily. His mom, Ms. Gibbs, said that when Doc Gibbs and her were getting married they felt that they wouldn?t have nothing to talk about. In the beginning of Act II the stage manager says ? Almost everybody in the world gets married-you know what I mean( Wilder 535). That is how Wilder states that everyone experiences love and marriage. People take life for granted while they live and do not appreciate life until they are gone. In this act Wilder lets Emily go back in time. Ms. Gibbs told Emily to go to the least important day of her life. Emily went to her twelve birthday. When she arrived at her house she was overwhelmed of how her mom looked at that age. Emily wanted her mom to look into her eyes for one last time. Ms. Gibbs didn?t so Emily went back to the grave yard. Emily told her mom that they don?t understand. Ms. Gibbs said that they don?t. They were talking about living don?t understand about life until they are dead. All three acts are about common experiences that everyone goes through. Wilder named the play Our Town because it could happen in any town in the world. Wilder says ?an attempt to find a value above all price for the smallest event in our daily life.?( Wilder Notes n.p.). This means that we all experience the same things in life, no matter what it is.

Film Assignment Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Film Assignment - Movie Review Example The girl can no longer participate in the online dating and hence misses an opportunity to date a boy that she likes. In the Twilight zone Episode, the absence of color in the film is an essence. The dreamlike atmosphere in the film would not have been achieved had it been filmed in color (Serling YouTube). The Twilight Zone could not have properly been itself in color. Lack of color makes the film enter a special, sometimes eerie world, and this is perfectly expressed by the black and white. It is a rarefied atmosphere. Absence of color creates timeless in the film (Serling YouTube). Mr. Henry Bemis hides to read books and even risks absconding duties to read books (Serling YouTube). He is at last in the world without anyone. Although the absence of his wife gives him freedom to read, the absence of people worries him. Indeed, the absence of people makes him uncomfortable (Serling YouTube). The absence of people in the Henry’s new world depicts emptiness in henry’s life despite his new found freedom. He almost shoots himself due to loneliness. In this case, the essence of absence suffices by the loneliness, wording, and the empty background, which has no life. Another essence of absence helps create a theme of loneliness or isolation. Many films explore these motifs as depicted by the Twilight episode (Serling YouTube). this is created by use of characters battling their own psychological challenges or quite simply, being stranded in a place far, far away with the aim of figuratively creating the ‘lonely’ characters perception in the viewer. They brood and emotionally charge the viewer to have an ideal scenario of loneliness (Serling YouTube). Victor Sjostrom, the main character in the Twilight episode goes through an excursion where he confronts recurring nightmares and visions, of fractured human relationships from his past he seems lonely and mentally disturbed and as well battling with emotions brought about by his past memories

Chanel #5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chanel #5 - Essay Example s a public communication mode owing to the high amount of people receiving the message at the same time and is used by Chanel #5 to make the clients understand they know and fee their motives for purchasing the business’ products (Hughes., & Fill, 2008: 28). Advertising allows Chanel #5 to reach a large amount of geographically displaced customers at the lowest cost. Posters are used as a communication channel at Chanel #5 containing graphic and text elements describing the products quality, design, user experience, and contact information to the company (Green, 2012:14). Television is used as a communication channel of advertising through infomercials aimed at promoting Chanel #5’s products. Infomercials promote the products through discussing product pricing, benefits, user experience, and purchase lines. Television advertising allows for a large consumer reach. Sponsorship of events and programs by Chanel #5 allows for the recognition of the business by both participants and those interacting with the event allowing product information to be sent through T-shirts and other materials promoting the event. Product design involves effective and efficient development of new ideas by Chanel #5 to produce new products that meet consumer taste and preferences resulting in increased in loyalty and commitment of consumers to the company. This communication channel acts as a competitive advantage of the business and augments consumer acceptance of the Chanel #5’s products. Website: Chanel #5 provides information on the products quality, design, offers for the customers, information on promotions and programs, and allows satisfied clients to provide their testimonials (Varey, 2002: 74). The website also allows Chanel #5 to communicate company information including store location, new product offerings, and corporate responsibility activities. The Chanel #5s website is also used for communication with the customer to allow customer feedback for incorporation in

The Internet revolution Essay Example for Free

The Internet revolution Essay The economics of information in the 1990s permanently altered the traditional linear supply chain of sources, manufactures, distributors, retailers, and customers via the Web (Pyne 2000, p1). With the emergence of the internet over the past fifteen years, the supply chains for e-retailers have evolved in a similar fashion to the industrial revolution. Unlike traditional brick and mortar retailers, e-retailers supply chains include the front-end interaction, the consumers themselves (Cucuzza and Cherian, 2001). Therefore, it is essential that e-retailers ensure a smooth integration of information between the front-end users and the back-end support functions. To be successful, e-retailers need to provide an efficient marketing strategy to understand the customer buying requirements, and to be able to address them. The role of technology has allowed e-retailers the ability to collect and analyze personal trends of their consumers, although at a possible personal infringement of their cliental. In addition, as superb the front-end model may be, many companies fail today due to insufficiently integrating and ensuring a back-end support function is in place to provide efficient and timely delivery to consumers. This paper will address the e-retailer supply chain addressing both spectrums the consumer relationship management and the supply chain management. Moreover, this paper will also draw upon various companies strategic internet successes as examples. The Beginnings of the Internet Revolution Similar to the Industrial Revolution, where growth was predominately spurred by standardized mechanical interfaces, breaking down procedures into many mini-procedures (Fordism), the Internet Revolution is being stimulated by the standardization of interchangeable business processes (Cucuzza and Cherian 2001, p. 3). The interchangeable business processes are the digital interfaces between e-business tools and the internet. These tools are derived from the improvements in technology, from the storage of digital data to digital information (Cucuzza and Cherian 2001). E-Business. The buzzword E-business has emerged as a new strategic initiative for companies to pursue. E-business can be defined as buying and selling over digital media, and includes both front- and back-office applications to maximize customer value (Kalakota 1999, p4). With increased pressures on companies to perform and ensure quarterly growth, senior management has implemented numerous past initiatives including downsizing, re-organizing, and re-engineered processes to cut costs. Utilizing the benefits of technology to exploit the power of e-business allows for senior management to transform the existing business models. As popular as the internet medium has become for on-line shopping for consumers it is not a perfect system. Consumers are unable to touch, smell, or try on products. They may not be able to determine the quality of products, or how some products may compliment others (for example, ensuring the correct speakers are used for a specific amplifier). Although e-retailers do provide quality reports and analysis, it is not the same as experiencing the sound itself. In addition, payments are electronic and have been prone to security flaws, and the delivery of the goods has been cumbersome at times. These difficulties have become a norm for many e-retailers to develop a sustainable business, however with the use of technology they have been able to create advantages that may not be found within the norms of traditional shopping. Marketing of E-retailers On-line shopping has numerous benefits to the consumers, it reduces time and is more convenient to shop from the luxury of your own home, and provides the consumer with the ability to compare prices, products, and availability. However, although this constitutes an opportunity for retailers, it is also a challenge. The critical success factors include i.) use of customer databases; ii. ) easy ordering and; iii. ) quick delivery (Agrawal, Singh, p. 1538). With the notion that buying on-line is convenient, consumers expect e-retailer websites to be very useful and efficient. With the usage of technology, E-retailers have developed websites that are very informative, and easy to use. E-retailers provide information about the product, quality reports, customer reviews, comparison to substitutes, shipping rates and schedules. All the information is at the click of a button, 24 hours a day. The technology has provided the websites to be more interactive, and with better visuals. It is essential that e-retailers provide additional services including a shopping basket for consumers to keep track of goods that have been selected, and a search engine which allows the consumer to search the website quickly without going through many different internet pages. Moreover, a safe and efficient payment system is required that has data integrity. This system is known as the e-commerce paradox. E-commerce firms must be open and closed at the same time (Awad, 2004). They must be able to share information with suppliers, business to business (B2B), and with business to customers (B2C). E-retailers security includes firewalls, passwords and log-ins, and virtual private networks, as well as intrusion devices (Awad 2004, p. 405). Technology has introduced a honeypot system, which is designed to showcase an artificial environment that lure attackers into thinking they have gained access, giving time for authorities to potentially track down the intruder (Awad 2004, p. 403). Another important aspect for e-retailers to increase the likelihood of consumers purchasing on-line from their websites is Customer Relationship Management. The first step is for e-retailers to develop a strategy that will allow e-retailers to properly promote to their target market, and allow them to focus on customer requirements. However, understanding your customer needs has taken on a new avenue with advancements in technological software. Technology gains have also been demonstrated in the marketing techniques of e-retailing. The concept of buying on-line is still relatively new, and many consumers are still hesitant of it. There is nothing to stop a consumer to research on-line, and then purchase the product at an actual outlet. Research has demonstrated that brand loyalty and price elasticity are less important compared to bricks and mortar shopping as consumers are exposed to a lot of information and therefore they usually look for the best value (Agrawal and Singh, p. 1549). In many instances, a person may abandon her shopping cart in the middle of the checkout process, but for reasons unknown. Forrester Research estimates that 82% of e-retailers depend on consumers to hit the links to their websites and page view to manage the success of their websites, however only 2% of the visitors will actually purchase online (Ismretail 2002, p3). With this in mind, online intelligence has become a technical advancement to achieve. Click-stream technology allows e-retailers to ability to understand abandonment and provide them with the information to react accordingly. By analyzing clickstream data a trail of mouse clicks left by a user who visits a website a retailer can make use of details such as the number of users, where they come from, which pages are visited, the order in which they visited them, how much time was spent on each page, and where they went after your site (Ismretail 2002, p3). This information used properly can assist e-retailers in determining trends of their customers, their similar likes and dislikes, and where their websites can be improved. The information gathered can even determine if the consumer chose to go to a competitor site, and compare prices. This data allows the e-retailer to market accordingly to each individual customer. On Amazon, when an individual purchases a book the company will then analyze the purchase with other recent purchases and then promote other books that may be of interest. This is very similar to the movie Minority Report starring Tom Cruise which is set in the year 2054. There is a scene in the film that shows Cruise walking through a shopping concourse is bombarded with personal advertisements based on marketers analysis on Tom Cruises role individuality. With new technology developed over the past few years (i. e. Clickstream software), consumers will be more closely watched by sites and receiving personalized pitches based on past browsing behavior (Stone 2004, p2). This may stimulate increased purchases, and higher sales for the e-retailer, but could be looked at an infringement on the privacy of consumers. Websites now include Meta data and extensible markup language (XML), which are standards for tagging data on web searches. Although, this may be a positive factor for e-retailers to analyze consumer behavior on an individual basis, the ethical side to this comes in to question. When is it crossing the line on consumers rights? Web analytic companies are now increasingly offering their services from $30,000 to over a $100,000 a year (Stone 2004, p2). More recently, Sportsline. com has used a web analytical company to identify customers dropping out of an American football fantasy pool, which enabled Sportsline to address and improve its processes that led to an increased number of paying customers (Stone 2004, p2). Moreover, technology has led firms such as Atomz to offer advance search engines for e-retailers to attach special promotions to the searched item. PalmOne has recently used this service which has converted the number of searchers to buyers by over 60% (Stone 2004, p2). With the immense competition e-retailers face, other global websites, and the traditional brick and mortar stores, it is important that they cater to their customer needs. The traditional statement that location is everything has little value in e-retailing as all websites have equal distance to their consumers. It is therefore essential that e-retailers seek means to ensure customers return to their websites. The key factors are efficiency, personalization, socialization, and the look and feel of the site (Agrawal and Singh, p. 1537). Although, this may indicate that they may infringe on consumer privacy rights, they have used technology to their benefit to obtain information that is beneficial in making strategic decisions. However, having a strong front-end website does not guarantee success. Once the consumer initiates the first step by purchasing a product, the actual delivery of goods becomes just as important in the supply chain. Back-end System Support Once the e-retailer obtains a client, it is essential that they provide an efficient back-end system that will ensure availability, workable ordering website, and delivery on-time. Accenture international research has indicated that 1 in 4 internet purchases fail due to various reasons (Agrawal and Singh, p. 1549). In the traditional avenue of shopping, many consumers will not go back to a store if the ability to purchase items fails 25% of the time. Accenture has also stated that one of the most common reasons for this failure include that items are usually out of stock, which indicates that the front-end systems are not connected to the back-end support systems (Agrawal and Singh, p. 1549). A seamless integration of all systems, for example, implementing an Enterprise Resource System is required. This integration will allow the e-retailers to advise if the product is in stock, the expected delivery date, and substitute and compliment product availability. Moreover, systems that connect with vendors will advise the e-retailers if the products are in back-order, different characteristics of the product (size and colour) and delivery time. This connection of all information systems now provides the capability to consumers to select from a menu of shipping rates and schedules, and then be able to track the fulfillment of the order in real time. Digital Deconstruction processes have accelerated in that by creating digital interfaces between processes, companies can automate these processes to achieve scale efficiencies unattainable in the past (Cucuzza and Cherian 2001, p. 2). Studies have shown that when customers and vendors share a single system, and orders are entered once, a 75% to 90% reduction in transaction costs occur utilizing a web-based catalog. The different processes include: Preparation of purchasing requirements   Identification of potential suppliers Deliverables specification, volumes, price, delivery, transportation   Fulfillment   Receiving and holding supplies   Relationship building with suppliers (Groucutt and Griseri 2004, p180). The use of technology to improve the efficiency of the supply chain, and ensure customer satisfaction can be demonstrated using company examples. Roundpeak Although the company no longer exists, it was one of the first online retailers who used technology to manage its physical and virtual supply chain. It had partnerships with manufacturers across four countries, air cargo companies, and with warehouse, fulfillment and delivery operators. The numerous B2B partners created a need for Roundpeak to ensure that the various departments in the supply chain communicated accordingly. An online order was instantly fed to the fulfillment house, a packaging and inventory control center, and into a warehousing, inventory, and delivery data system that was accessed by all members of the supply chain. If a customer orders a product, a request to the manufacturer goes out electronically. Once it receives the goods from the manufacturer, a digital signature is sent to authorize receipt, which allows the purchase order and receipt to be matched digitally. The purchase order would then instantly be fed into the accounts payable system where funds are transferred at once. This system was known as the Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment system (EBPP). The benefits included streamlining relationships with suppliers and eliminating redundancies by inputting completed once by the consumer. (Case study developed by Pyne 2000).

Drug and Alcohol Essay -- Drugs, North West of England

The purpose of this essay will be to discuss and focus on the relationship between drug, alcohol and health issues and reference made to the North West of England. Liverpool and the Wirral peninsular will be looked at with regard to the health and social repercussions and the implications drug and alcohol use has on the local communities. A broader look at the United Kingdom and the United States of America along with other parts of the world will also be used to provide a comparison. This essay will start by looking, briefly, at the history of drug and alcohol use and then move on to the problems caused by their use. The essay will then show how the environment and culture play a big part in the rise of illegal drug and alcohol use to date along with the connection with crime rates. The essay will move on to show how the region has come to address these issues and how collaboration between members of the community and public servants, police and local authorities, and National Healt h Services work together to provide positive outcomes. The essay will also show how members of the public form powerful groups that lobby governments and influence legislation. Due to recent legislation and proposed social care reforms, it will be necessary to look at how these could affect the current resources and how they could affect future needs. Where appropriate the essay will use interviews with members of the public, N.H.S staff and service users to provide depth and insight into aspects of the discussion. The assignment will end with a summing up and conclusion to the essay. The history of drug and alcohol use can be traced back many years, Hanson (1995) Informs us that the discovery of Stone Age beer jugs established that alcohol use e... ...ime rates and criminal activity does rise in these areas but there are lots of variables contributing to these factors. The essay looked at particular parts of the North West of the UK and it was seen that as a direct result of rising unemployment and local poverty the increase in drug and alcohol use escalated to epidemic proportions with social exclusion following. At that particular time drugs were readily available and authorities appeared powerless to stop it. The essay moved on to different accounts from other authors, some for the legalization of drugs others proposing more legislation. Generally speaking both sides gave valid arguments to the discussion. In answering the essay question it was felt by the student that drug and alcohol issues are capable of change, however, there are many contributing factors that need to be in place before this happens.

Florence Nightingale Essay

The Polar Area Diagrams of Florence Nightingale If you read the article on Florence Nightingale in â€Å"The Children’s Book of Famous Lives†1 you will not learn that she had to battle with her parents to be allowed to study Mathematics. If you read the Ladybird book â€Å"Florence Nightingale†2 you will not discover that she was the first woman to be elected as a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society. In looking around for an area of research I was intrigued to discover that Florence Nightingale, who I always thought of as the â€Å"lady with the lamp†, was a competent Mathematician who created her own type of statistical diagram which she used to save thousands of soldiers from needless death. Florence Nightingale headed a group of 38 nurses who went to clean up the hospitals for the British soldiers in the Crimea in 1854. She found that most of the deaths were due to diseases which could be prevented by basic hygiene, such as typhus and cholera. Her improvements were simple but they had an enormous effect: â€Å"She and her nurses washed and bathed the soldiers, laundered their linens, gave them clean beds to lie in, and fed them†3. When she returned to Britain she made a detailed report to the Government setting out what conditions were like and what needed to be done to reduce deaths in the hospitals. Nothing was done, so she tried again, making another statistical report and included in it three new statistical diagrams to make data collated by William Farr more accessible to people who could not get their minds around tables of figures. These were her polar area diagrams or rose diagrams, sometimes also known as ‘coxcombs’. The first showed how many men had died over the two years 1854-5, the second showed what proportions of men had died from wounds in battle, from disease and from other causes, the third showed how the number of deaths had decreased once â€Å"sanitary improvements†4 had been introduced. I decided I would try to recreate the second of these diagrams which is the most complicated and the most shocking. It is called â€Å"Diagram of the causes of mortality in the army in the east†. A copy of it is below: Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material 1 Example 6: Student work Figure 1 The basic ideas are very simple. The blue area represents deaths due to disease, the red area represents death due to wounds in battle and the black area represents death due to other causes. I tried to find a copy of the data which this diagram represented, but I had no luck, so I decided to make sure I understood exactly how the diagram was made and to make my own version of some data which I did have to hand. Once I tried to understand the diagram in detail I found there were some problems. The First Problem I wasn’t sure whether the black area in a shape such as this: was supposed to be this area or this area Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material 2 Example 6: Student work In other words, were the colours separate, or overlapping? The articles I read didn’t make it clear. O’Connor says that â€Å"The area of each coloured wedge, measured from the centre as a common point, is in proportion to the statistic it represents†5, which makes it seem that all colours are wedged shaped, or sectors, so the colours overlap. However, Lienhard commented that in the November 1854 section â€Å"battle deaths take up a very small portion of each slice†6, which makes it sound as though the slice has three separate portions, and Brasseur says that â€Å"she also divided the areas within each of the wedges to show which portion of the mortality data for that month could be allotted to each cause of death†4. I decided to construct polar area diagrams for a set of data with the colours separate and with the colours overlapping to see if putting theory into practice would make it clearer to me. The data I used was taken from the IB grade distribution statistics for the past 15 years at my own institution. I used the numbers taking Higher Mathematics, Standard Mathematics and Mathematical Studies to be represented by my three colours. I took the old Mathematical Methods course to be the same as Standard Mathematics. To fit 15 sectors into the circle I needed each arc to subtend an angle of 2Ï€ radians at 15 1 2Ï€ Ï€ the centre. The area of each sector would then be A = r 2 = 2 where r is the r Ãâ€" 2 15 15 radius of the sector. Since the area needs to be proportional to the statistic, I needed to 15A and just used a scale which would allow me to draw find the radius, so I used r = a reasonable sized diagram. To create a polar area diagram with overlapping sectors I just used this formula on each of the numbers of students taking the various options. Numbers taking Mathematics year on year Numbers (A) Higher Studies Standard 1995 1 24 0 1996 4 15 0 1997 8 10 0 1998 6 31 0 1999 9 17 0 2000 10 20 0 2001 4 31 1 2002 5 21 2 2003 4 15 4 2004 5 29 5 2005 1 28 0 2006 3 16 2 2007 8 13 0 2008 11 29 14 2009 10 23 15 Radius ( r ) Higher Studies Standard 2.2 10.7 0.0 4.4 8.5 0.0 6.2 6.9 0.0 5.4 12.2 0.0 6.6 9.0 0.0 6.9 9.8 0.0 4.4 12.2 2.2 4.9 10.0 3.1 4.4 8.5 4.4 4.9 11.8 4.9 2.2 11.6 0.0 3.8 8.7 3.1 6.2 7.9 0.0 7.2 11.8 8.2 6.9 10.5 8.5 Ï€ Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material 3 Example 6: Student work I then used a geometric program (GeoGebra) to draw the sectors all with a common 2Ï€ centre, each with an angle of radians, and with the radii as given in the table. I drew 15 the Higher sectors first with the Studies on top of these, and the Standard on top of these. This was the result: Figure 2 Polar area diagram to show students taking Mathematics at one school (colours overlapping) Blue represents the number of students taking Higher Maths. Brown represents the number of students taking Mathematical Studies. Green represents the number of students taking Standard Maths. The colours are not solid, so where colours overlap there is a different colour. The blue overlapping the brown makes a pink here, and the green overlapping the blue makes a darker green. In 2003 and in 2004 there were an equal number of students taking Higher and Standard so three separate colours cannot be seen on the diagram. Next I worked out the radii needed if the colours were not to overlap. For this I used cumulative areas to work out the radii. R1 = R3 = 15 ( A1 + A2 + A3) 15 A1 15 ( A1 + A2 ) Ï€ , R2 = Ï€ and Ï€ . Radii R2 10.9 9.5 9.3 13.3 11.1 12.0 12.9 11.1 9.5 12.7 11.8 9.5 10.0 13.8 12.6 Numbers taking Mathematics year on year Numbers (A) Higher (A1) Studies (A2) Standard (A3) 1995 1 24 0 1996 4 15 0 1997 8 10 0 1998 6 31 0 1999 9 17 0 2000 10 20 0 2001 4 31 1 2002 5 21 2 2003 4 15 4 2004 5 29 5 2005 1 28 0 2006 3 16 2 2007 8 13 0 2008 11 29 14 2009 10 23 15 R1 2.2 4.4 6.2 5.4 6.6 6.9 4.4 4.9 4.4 4.9 2.2 3.8 6.2 7.2 6.9 R3 10.9 9.5 9.3 13.3 11.1 12.0 13.1 11.6 10.5 13.6 11.8 10.0 10.0 16.1 15.1 Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material 4 Example 6: Student work This gave a diagram with Higher numbers at the centre and Standard numbers at the edge, like this: Figure 3 Polar area diagram to show students taking Mathematics at one school (colours separate) Blue represents the number of students taking Higher Maths. Brown represents the number of students taking Mathematical Studies. Green represents the number of students taking Standard Maths. This diagram is incomplete in that it has not got the dates on it, but I was interested in the basic shape it would make rather than seeing it as a finished article to represent the data. I decided to do the same thing but with Studies in the middle and Higher at the edge to see how different it would look. Figure 4 Polar area diagram to show students taking Mathematics at one school (colours separate) Blue represents the number of students taking Higher Maths. Brown represents the number of students taking Mathematical Studies. Green represents the number of students taking Standard Maths. This feels very different. The blue section actually looks less significant, to my eye, being put at the edges. This made me think of something else I had read in Brasseur’s article, â€Å"Nightingale arranged these colored areas so that the main cause of death (and the largest sections)—deaths by disease—would be at the end of the wedges and would be more easily noticed.†4 I am sure that Brasseur thought that the colours were separate, and not overlapped. However, comparing my diagrams to Nightingale’s original in Figure 1, I Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material 5 Example 6: Student work became sure that she did mean them to be overlapped. I noticed that in the lefthand rose in figure 1 (representing the second year) there is a wedge with blue at the edge followed by a wedge with blue at the edge: Figure 5 A zoom in of part of figure 1 This can happen in a diagram like my figure 2 of overlapping colours, but would be impossible if the colours are separate as in figures 3 and 4. From this I deduced that the colours on the diagram must be overlapping. The Second Problem My diagrams were unlike Nightingale’s ones in that the total area of the sectors in figure 2 represented the total number of students taking the IB at this school over the 15 years. Nightingale’s statistics were rates of mortality. Basically they can be thought of as percentages of soldiers who died, but, as before, when I read through the articles again, I was unsure what they were percentages of. Gill and Gill have table (Table 2) in their article with headings â€Å"No. of soldiers admitted to the hospital† and â€Å"No. (%) of soldiers who died†3. This might suggest that Nightingale was working with percentages of soldiers who were admitted into hospital. Lewi is more definite and refers to the actual statistic of one wedge of the third of Nightingale’s polar area diagrams as follows: â€Å"The mortality during the first period was 192 per 1,000 hospitalized soldiers (on a yearly basis)†9. However, Brasseur refers to the statistic in a wedge of Nightingale’s first diagram as being â€Å"the ratio of mortality for every 1,000 soldiers per annum in the field†4, in other words a percentage of the army actually on duty. I decided to create a polar area diagram to act as an analogy to the possible situations as follows: Nightingale’s data My data Number of soldiers in the army in a month Number of students taking the IB in a year Number of soldiers taken to hospital Number of students taking Maths Studies Number of soldiers dying of wounds Number of students gaining grade 7 Number of soldiers dyin g of disease Number of students gaining grade 6 Number of soldiers dying for other reasons Number of students gaining grade 5 My analogy of drawing a diagram showing the numbers of soldiers dying as a percentage of those admitted to hospital would then be the number of students gaining a grade above 4 as a percentage of those taking Mathematical Studies. I decided to do this one by hand, partly to prove I could, and partly to see if it would throw any extra light on the construction of the diagrams. Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material 6 Example 6: Student work I gathered the data, found the percentages and used the percentages as A in the usual 15A to find the radii needed to construct the diagram. The data is here: formula r = Ï€ Numbers gaining top three grades in Mathematical Studies As percentage of those taking Studies Radius required for each Taking Total Grade 7 Grade 6 Grade 5 Studies in year % grade 7 % grade 6 % grade 5 R7 R6 R5 1995 7 10 4 24 25 29.16667 41.66667 16.66667 11.80 14.10 8.92 1996 2 9 3 15 19 13.33333 60.00000 20.00000 7.98 16.93 9.77 1997 1 4 2 10 18 10.00000 40.00000 20.00000 6.91 13.82 9.77 1998 5 12 11 31 37 16.12903 38.70968 35.48387 8.78 13.60 13.02 1999 2 6 7 17 26 11.76471 35.29412 41.17647 7.49 12.98 14.02 2000 3 4 7 20 30 15.00000 20.00000 35.00000 8.46 9.77 12.93 2001 3 8 8 31 36 9.67742 25.80645 25.80645 6.80 11.10 11.10 2002 1 8 4 21 28 4.76190 38.09524 19.04762 4.77 13.49 9.54 2003 0 1 8 15 23 0.00000 6.66667 53.33333 0.00 5.64 15.96 2004 3 9 7 29 34 10.34483 31.03448 24.13793 7.03 12.17 10.74 2005 1 11 9 28 29 3.57143 39.28571 32.14286 4.13 13.70 12.39 2006 2 4 5 16 21 12.50000 25.00000 31.25000 7.73 10.93 12.22 2007 1 8 3 13 22 7.69231 61.53846 23.07692 6.06 17.14 10.50 2008 0 3 17 29 54 0.00000 10.34483 58.62069 0.00 7.03 16.73 2009 0 5 5 23 48 0.00000 21.73913 21.73913 0.00 10.19 10.19 And the diagram came out like this: Figure 6 Polar area diagram to show percentages of students taking Mathematical Studies who gained grades above 4 Red represents the number of students gaining grade 7. Blue represents the number of students gaining grade 6. Green represents the number of students gaining grade 5. The purple areas represent coinciding numbers of students gaining grade 5 and 6. Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material 7 Example 6: Student work One thing which I learnt from this exercise is that you have to be very careful about your scale and think through every move before you start if you don’t want to fall off the edge of the paper! It is a far more tense experience drawing a diagram by hand because you know that one slip will make the whole diagram flawed. A computer slip can be corrected before you print out the result. My admiration for Florence Nightingale’s draftsmanship was heightened by doing this. The other thing which drawing by hand brought out was that, if you draw the arcs in in the appropriate colours, the colouring of the sectors sorts itself out. You colour from the arc inwards until you come to another arc or the centre. The only problem came when two arcs of different colours came in exactly the same place. I got around this problem by colouring these areas in a totally different colour and saying so at the side. At this point in my research someone suggested some more possible websites to me, and following these up I found a copy of Nightingale’s second diagram which was clear enough for me to read her notes, and a copy of the original data she used. The first of these was in a letter by Henry Woodbury suggesting that Nightingale got her calculations wrong and the radii represented the statistics rather than the area.7 The letter had a comment posted by Ian Short which led me to an article by him8 giving the data for the second diagram and explaining how it was created. The very clear reproduction of Nightingale’s second diagram in Woodbury’s letter7 shows that Miss Nightingale wrote beside it: â€Å"The areas of the blue, red and black wedges are each measured from the centre as the common vertex†. This makes it quite clear that the colours are overlapped and so solves my first problem. She also wrote â€Å"In October 1854 & April 1855 the black area coincides with the red†. She coloured the first of these in red and the second in black, but just commented on it beside the diagram to make it clear. The article by Short8 was a joy to read, although I could only work out the mathematical equations, which were written out in a way which is strange to me ( for example â€Å"$$ ext{Area of sector B} = frac{pi r_B^2}{3}=3$$†8 ) because I already knew what they were (The example had a sector B in a diagram which I could see had 1 2Ï€ 2 Ï€ 2 = = areaB rB rB ). The two things I found exciting from this article were the 2 3 3 table of data which Nightingale used to create the second diagram, and an explanation of what rates of mortality she used. She described these as follows; â€Å"The ratios of deaths and admissions to Force per 1000 per annum are calculated from the monthly ratios given in Dr. Smith’s Table B†4 and I had not been able to understand the meaning of this from the other articles. (Brasseur adds that â€Å"Dr. Smith was the late director-general of the army.†4). Using Short’s article I was able to work out what it meant. I will use an example of data taken from the table in Short’s article, which is in turn taken from â€Å"A contribution to the sanitary history of the British army during the late war with Russia† by Florence Nightingale of 18598. In February 1855 the average size of the army was 30919. Of these 2120 died of ‘zymotic diseases’, 42 died of ‘wounds & injuries’ and 361 died of ‘all other causes’. This gives a total of 2120 + 42 + 361 = deaths. 2523 2523 Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material 8 Example 6: Student work 2523 81.6003 men died per 1000 men in the army in Ãâ€"1000 = 30919 that month. If the size of the army had stayed at 30919, with no more men being shipped in or out, and the death rate had continued at 81.6 deaths per 1000 men per month over 12 months, the number of deaths per annum would have been 81.6003 Ãâ€"12 = 979.2 per 1000 men in the army. In other words 979.2 deaths per 1000 per annum. out of 30919 means that This understanding of the units used allowed me to finally understand why O’Connor says of the death rate in January 1855, â€Å"if this rate had continued, and troops had not been replaced frequently, then disease alone would have killed the entire British army in the Crimea.†5 The number of deaths due to disease in January 1855 was 2761 and the 2761 average size of the army was 32393. This gives a rate of 1022.8 Ãâ€"1000 Ãâ€"12 = 32393 deaths from disease per 1000 per annum. Another way of looking at it is that if 2761 had dies each month from disease, 2761Ãâ€"12 = 33132 would have died in 12 months, but there were only 32393 in the army! As an aside, I noticed that O’Connor quoted the mortality rate for January 1855 as â€Å"1,023 per 10,000 being from zymotic diseases†5. Another example that we should not trust everything we see in print. Having sorted this out I was ready to attempt my recreation of figure 1. I decided to do the right hand rose only, covering April 1854 to March 1855. The following table shows the data taken from Short’s article in blue and my calculations in black: Average Wounds size of Zymotic & Z/S*1000*12 Radius W/S*1000*12 Radius O/S*1000*12 Radius (Az) (Aw) (Ao) for army diseases injuries Other for for Month (S) (Z) (W) (O) (1 d.p.) Zymtotic (1 d.p.) Wounds (1 d.p.) Other Apr-54 8571 1 0 5 1.4 2.3 0.0 0.0 7.0 5.2 May-54 23333 12 0 9 6.2 4.9 0.0 0.0 4.6 4.2 Jun-54 28333 11 0 6 4.7 4.2 0.0 0.0 2.5 3.1 Jul-54 28722 359 0 23 150.0 23.9 0.0 0.0 9.6 6.1 Aug-54 30246 828 1 30 328.5 35.4 0.4 1.2 11.9 6.7 Sep-54 30290 788 81 70 312.2 34.5 32.1 11.1 27.7 10.3 Oct-54 30643 503 132 128 197.0 27.4 51.7 14.1 50.1 13.8 Nov-54 29736 844 287 106 340.6 36.1 115.8 21.0 42.8 12.8 Dec-54 32779 1725 114 131 631.5 49.1 41.7 12.6 48.0 13.5 Jan-55 32393 2761 83 324 1022.8 62.5 30.7 10.8 120.0 21.4 Feb-55 30919 2120 42 361 822.8 56.1 16.3 7.9 140.1 23.1 Mar-55 30107 1205 32 172 480.3 42.8 12.8 7.0 68.6 16.2 Az is the death rate per 1000 per annum from disease, Aw is the death rate per 1000 per annum from wounds and Ao is the death rate per 1000 per annum from other causes. For 2Ï€ Ï€ this diagram there are 12 divisions so each sector has an angle of = and an area of 12 6 12A 1Ï€ 2 Ï€ 2 . r = r . So for each radius r = Ï€ 26 12 Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material 9 Example 6: Student work I will show my final polar area diagram side by side with Nightingale’s original version: Figure 7. Nightingale’s original â€Å"Diagram of the causes of mortality in the army in the east† and my recreation. I have to admit that I felt rather proud once I had done this! However, looking at the September 1854 wedge I realised that the two diagrams didn’t correspond. In Nightingale’s original diagram I can see that there are more deaths from other causes than from wounds. In my version there are fewer deaths from other causes than from wounds. All other versions of the original in other articles I looked at ( Gill and Gill3, Brasseur4, O’Connor5, Woodbury7, Riddle10, Small11, Lienhard6) are as the original, but the table in Short definitely shows fewer deaths from other causes than from wounds8. Conclusion I started out to try to lean how to recreate the polar area diagram which Florence Nightingale made to communicate to other people just how bad the situation was in army hospitals. This diagram shouts a need for reform. Look at it. The blue represents deaths which could be avoided with a bit of organisation and care. The red represents deaths due to the actual battles. Florence Nightingale had copies of her report containing her diagrams published at her own expense and sent them to doctors, army officers, members of parliament and the Queen. Following her persistent lobbying a commission was set up to improve military barracks and hospitals, sanitary codes were established and procedures were put in place for more organised collection of medical statistics4. It is a very shocking picture with a huge snowball of social change behind it. It has been an exciting adventure to drill down to a real understanding of its construction. Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material 10 Example 6: Student work However, the biggest lesson I have learnt from this research is that you can’t trust what you read. As I have argued in the main text, I am moderately sure that Brasseur thought the colours of the second diagram did not overlap4, I think O’Connor got his death rates wrong for January 18555, and I think Short may have transcribed the data incorrectly for September 18548. According to Brasseur, Florence Nightingale cross checked her data and was systematic about addressing objections to her analysis4. Everyone can make mistakes, and errors can propagate if we just quote what someone else says without looking for corroboration. I have been left with a desire to find out more about this tenacious woman who wouldn’t let society mould her into a genteel wife. Also, if I ever get the chance, I would like to get a look at one of the 2000 copies of â€Å"Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Effiency and Hospital Administration of the British Army. Founded Chiefly on th e Experience of the Late War† which Florence Nightingale had published in 1858, to see the actual table of data and check the numbers for September 1854. Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material 11 Example 6: Student work References/Bibliography 1.Duthie, Eric ed. The Children’s Book of Famous Lives.Odhams Press Ltd, London 1957 2. Du Garde Peach, L. Florence Nightingale. Wills & Hepworth Ltd, Loughborough, 1959 3. Gill, Christopher J. and Gill, Gillian C. Nightingale in Scutari: Her Legacy Reexamined Center for Internatinal Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, viewed 26th July 2009 4. Brasseur, Lee, Florence Nightingale’s Visual Rhetoric in the Rose Diagrams. Technical Communication Quarterly, 14(2), 161-182, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, 2005, viewed 26th July 2009 5. O’Connor, J.J. and Robertson, E.F., Florence Nightingale. viewed 26 July 2009 6. Lienhard, John H., Nightingale’s Graph, The Engines of Our Ingenuity. 2002 viewed 26th July 2009 7. Woodbury, Henry, Nightingale’s Rose. American Physical SocietyLaunches Dynamic Diagrams Redesign of Physical Review Letters, January 9, 2008, 4:05 pm, filed under Information Design, Visual Explanation View ed 30 July 2009 8. Short, Ian, Mathematics of the Coxcombs. November 5th, 2008 viewed 30th July 2009 9. Lewi, Paul J. Florence Nightingale and Polar Area Diagrams, Speaking of Graphics. 2006 < www.datascope.be/sog/SOG-Chapter5.pdf> viewed 26th July 2009 10. Riddle, Larry, Polar-Area Diagram. 2006 , viewed 26th July 2009 11. Small, Hugh, Florence Nightingale’s statistical diagrams. Presentation to Research Conference organized by the Florence Nightingale Museum St. Thomas’s Hospital, 18th March 1998 viewed 26th July 2009 Mathematics SL and HL teacher support material

Bleeding Kansas Essay - 1448 Words

Bleeding Kansas The Compromise of 1850 brought relative calm to the nation. Though most blacks and abolitionists strongly opposed the Compromise, the majority of Americans embraced it, believing that it offered a final, workable solution to the slavery question. Most importantly, it saved the Union from the terrible split that many had feared. People were all too ready to leave the slavery controversy behind them and move on. But the feeling of relief that spread throughout the country would prove to be the calm before the storm. On December 14, 1853, Augustus C. Dodge of Iowa introduced a bill in the Senate. The bill proposed organizing the Nebraska territory, which also included an area that would become the state of Kansas. His†¦show more content†¦He therefore bowed to Southern wishes and proposed a bill for organizing Nebraska-Kansas which stated that the slavery question would be decided by popular sovereignty. 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